Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-
communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence
on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases,
Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of
published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality
for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods …

Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and
quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is
making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of
Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and
comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and
attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of …